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Precluded by their instruction from any strategy of scien- tific observation of even the smallest phenomena, from any notions of organic legislation, from all perception of what demonstration is, they have to of course be incapable of implementing a technique in which they experienced no follow to the most difficult of all analyses." 396 Comte certainly would confess to the examine of sociology only guys who experienced successively 182 THE COUNTER-REVOLUTION 6F SCIENCE and productively mastered all the other sciences and hence adequately prepared by themselves for the most tough activity of the examine of the most complicated of all phenomena. 397 Although the more develop- ment of the new science could not all over again current issues as good as people he experienced himself surmounted in initially making it, 398 only the very greatest minds could hope successfuly to grapple with them. The special problem of this job occurs from the complete necessity of working with all areas of society at the same time, a requirement dic- tated by the specially shut "consensus" of all social phenomena. To have sinned against this principle and to have tried to deal with financial phenomena in isolation, "apart from the investigation of the mental, ethical, and political state of culture," 399 is one of his most important reproaches towards the economists. Their "pretended science" offers to "all qualified and seasoned judges most decidedly the character of purely metaphysical principles." 40 "If just one considers impartially the sterile disputes which divide them about the most elementary ideas of worth, utility, manufacturing, etcetera., one could fancy oneself attending the strangest debates of medieval scholastics on the fundamental characteristics of their metaphysical entities." 401 But the key defect of political financial state is its summary, "the sterile aphorism of absolute industrial liberty," 402 the perception that there is no want of some "exclusive institution immediately billed with the activity of regularizing the spontaneous co-ordination" which really should be re- garded as simply featuring the option for imposing actual organi- zation. 403 And he especially condemns the tendency of political financial system to "response to all grievances that in the prolonged run all lessons, and specifically the 1 most hurt on the present occasion, will enjoy a authentic and long lasting gratification a reply which will be re- garded as derisive, as extended as man's life is incapable of getting indefi- nitely lengthened." 404 8. It are not able to be also significantly emphasized in any dialogue of Comte's philosophy that he experienced no use for any know-how of which he did not see the useful use. 405 And "the goal of the establishment of social philosophy is to re-build order in society." 406 Nothing seems to him "extra repugnant to the serious scientific spirit, not even the theological spirit," 407 than problem of any sort, and absolutely nothing is SOCIOLOGY: COMTE, AND HIS SUCCESSORS 183 potentially a lot more attribute of the whole of Comte's perform than "the inordinate demand for 'unity' and 'systematization' " which J. S. Mill described as the fons errorum of all Comte's later speculations. 408 But even if the "frenzy for regulation" 409 is not really as preponder- ant in the Cours as it turned in the Syst&me de philosophic optimistic, the functional conclusions to which the Cours prospects, just since they are nonetheless cost-free from the excellent exaggeration of the afterwards perform, show this aspect by now in a marked diploma. With the institution of the "definitive" forty one philosophy, positivism, the essential doctrine which has characterised the previous interval of changeover has done its historic mission and the accompanying dogma of the unbounded liberty of conscience will disappear. 411 To make the writing of the Cours attainable was, as it were, the previous important purpose of "the innovative dogma of cost-free enquiry," 412 but now that this is achieved, the dogma has shed its justification. All understanding becoming once again unified, as it has not been due to the fact the theological stage began to decay, the subsequent job is to established up a new mental govern- ment in which only the knowledgeable scientists will be permitted to choose the challenging social queries. 413 Since their motion will in all respects be established by the dictates of science, this will not mean arbitrary authorities, and "real liberty," which is absolutely nothing else than "a rational submission to the preponderance of the laws of nature," 414 will even be amplified. The element of the social group which optimistic science will im- pose need not worry us below. So significantly as financial life is involved, it nonetheless resembles in lots of respects the earlier Saint-Simonian options, particularly in so considerably as the top job of the bankers in guiding in- dustrial exercise is anxious. 415 But he dissents from the later on out- right socialism of the Saint-Simonians. Private home is not to be abolished, but the prosperous turn into the "necessary depositaries of the general public capitals" 418 and the proudly owning of assets a social functionality. 417 This is not the only level in which Comte's program resembles the afterwards authoritarian socialism which we affiliate with Prussia rather than socialism as we made use of to know it. In fact in some passages this resemblance with Prussian socialism, even down to the very phrases utilised, is genuinely awesome. Thus when he argues that in the long term so- ciety the "immoral" concept of person legal rights will vanish and 184 THE COUNTER-REVOLUTION OF SCIENCE there will be only responsibilities, 418 or that in the new society there will be no personal people but only point out functionaries of a variety of units and grades, 419 and that in consequence the most humble occupation will be ennobled by its incorporation into the formal hierarchy just as the most obscure soldier has his dignity as a final result of the solidarity of the armed forces organism, 420 or ultimately when, in the concluding area of the to start with sketch of the potential purchase, he discovers a "special disposi- tion in the direction of command in some and in the direction of obedience in other individuals" and assures us that in our innermost heart we all know "how sweet it is to obey," 421 we may possibly match nearly each sentence with similar statements of current German theoreticians who laid the intellectual foundations of the doctrines of the Third Reich. 422 Having been led by his philosophy to consider in excess of from the reactionary Bonald the check out that the person is "a pure abstraction" 423 and modern society as a entire a one collective staying, he is of necessity led to most of the char- acteristic options of a totalitarian check out of modern society. The afterwards improvement of all this into a new Religion of Humanity with a fully produced cult is outside our issue. Needless to say that Comte, who was so absolutely a stranger to the a person authentic cult of humanity, tolerance (which he would acknowledge only in indifferent and uncertain matters), 424 was not the man to make much of that idea, which in itself does not deficiency a selected greatness. For the rest we can- not improved summarize this previous stage of Comte's believed than by the perfectly-identified epigram of Thomas Huxley, who explained it as "Ca- tholicism minus Christianity." 9. Before we solid a look on the direct affect of Comte's major do the job we have to briefly consider particular simultaneous and in a perception parallel initiatives which, from the exact same mental history, but by a diverse route, developed an impression which tended to reinforce the tendencies of which Comte's function is the principal repre- sentative. The Belgian astronomer and statistician Quetelet, who ought to be stated right here in the 1st spot, differs from Comte not only by staying a fantastic scientist in his own subject but also by the fantastic contributions which he has made to the approaches of social analyze. He did this exactly by that application of arithmetic to social analyze which Comte condemned. Through his software of the "Gaussian" SOCIOLOGY: COMTE, AND HIS SUCCESSORS 185 regular curve of mistake to the evaluation of statistical info he became, more than any other one person, the founder of present day figures and especially of its application to social phenomena. The worth of this achievement is undisputed and indeniable. But in the normal atmosphere in which Quetelet's do the job turned acknowledged the perception was certain to arise that the statistical procedures, which he experienced so achievement- absolutely applied to some issues of social daily life, were destined to turn into the sole approach of study. And Quetelet himself contributed not a minimal to make that belief. The mental atmosphere out of which Quetelet rose 425 is ex- actly the exact as that of Comte: it was the French mathematicians of the circle of the Ecole poly technique above all Laplace and Fourier, from whom he drew the inspiration for the application of the theory of likelihood to the issue of social figures, and in most respects he, a lot a lot more than Comte, ought to be regarded as the true continuer of their get the job done and of that of Condorcet. His statistical function proper is not our worry. It was the standard outcome of his dem- onstration that anything like the approaches of the all-natural sciences could be used to specified mass phenomena of culture and of his implied and even specific demand that all challenges of social science should really be handled in a very similar trend, which operated in a direction parallel to Comte's instructing. Nothing fascinated the ensuing genera- tion so much as Quetelet's "regular gentleman" and his celebrated con- clusion of his scientific tests of ethical data that "we pass from just one calendar year to a different with the unhappy point of view of seeing the identical crimes repro- duced in the very same purchase and contacting down the similar punishments in the similar proportions