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Nevertheless, Kyril does heroic deeds, like ending a hundreds of years-old war and preserving the harmless from legions of rapists, pillagers and slavers. It is of vital great importance for the being familiar with of the new science of sociology as SOCIOLOGY: COMTE, AND HIS SUCCESSORS 177 established by Comte and accepted by his direct successors. It is the try to prove the primary competition, which Comte, as a younger person of 20-6, experienced expressed in a letter to a mate when he promised to present that "there were regulations governing the development of the human race as definite as all those identifying the drop of a stone." 883 History was to SOCIOLOGY: COMTE, AND HIS SUCCESSORS 179 be designed a science, and the essence of all science is that it should really be able of prediction. And the same is, I believe that, genuine of the next fundamental element which they have in prevalent and which will show up strongly in the a lot more specific details on which they concur: their widespread rationalism, or far better, intellectualism. One possible justification of this view which would manifest to start with to the modern-day head, played at greatest a incredibly minor function in Comte's believed: the plan that mass phenomena may perhaps exhibit statistical regu- larities whilst the composing components feel to stick to no recognizable regulation

Now this phenomenalist tactic to the issues of empirical science derives in fashionable situations without the need of query from Descartes, to whom both equally philosophers are specifically indebted. In as a result stressing the widespread Cartesian origin of what I feel to be the frequent glitches of Hegel and Comte, I would like, of training course, nude chatrooms not in the least to deprecate the fantastic expert services which Descartes has rendered to contemporary assumed. But although Quetelet seems therefore to have been indirectly accountable for the substitution of the new phrase "sociology," 376 for what Comte till properly on 'in the fourth quantity of the Cours even now describes as "so- cial physics," 377 his major thought, which should really have equipped so perfectly into Comte's general strategy and was to perform so significant a purpose in afterwards scientistic sociology, uncovered no spot in Comte's system. But, fortuitously for my activity, a comprehension of his system as a full is not needed. Now this would be justified if Comte genuinely contended that the aim of sociology (and that portion of biology which in his program replaces person psychology) was to clarify psychological phenomena in actual physical terms, that is, if he required significantly to carry out his early dreams of unifi- cation of all sciences on the foundation of some one universal regulation

Precluded by their schooling from any strategy of scien- tific observation of even the smallest phenomena, from any notions of pure regulations, from all perception of what demonstration is, they need to of course be incapable of implementing a technique in which they experienced no observe to the most tough of all analyses." 396 Comte indeed would confess to the analyze of sociology only men who had successively 182 THE COUNTER-REVOLUTION 6F SCIENCE and correctly mastered all the other sciences and as a result thoroughly prepared themselves for the most hard endeavor of the review of the most intricate of all phenomena. 397 Although the even further acquire- ment of the new science could not yet again present difficulties as great as individuals he experienced himself surmounted in initially creating it, 398 only the pretty finest minds could hope successfuly to grapple with them. The particular trouble of this activity occurs from the complete necessity of dealing with all areas of culture at the same time, a requirement dic- tated by the specially near "consensus" of all social phenomena. To have sinned against this basic principle and to have tried to offer with financial phenomena in isolation, "aside from the analysis of the intellectual, moral, and political condition of society," 399 is one of his principal reproaches in opposition to the economists. Their "pretended science" offers to "all capable and knowledgeable judges most decidedly the character of purely metaphysical concepts." 40 "If 1 considers impartially the sterile disputes which divide them regarding the most elementary ideas of benefit, utility, manufacturing, and so forth., 1 may perhaps fancy oneself attending the strangest debates of medieval scholastics on the essential attributes of their metaphysical entities." 401 But the main defect of political economic climate is its conclusion, "the sterile aphorism of complete industrial liberty," 402 the perception that there is no have to have of some "distinctive establishment immediately billed with the undertaking of regularizing the spontaneous co-ordination" which must be re- garded as just presenting the possibility for imposing authentic organi- zation. 403 And he particularly condemns the tendency of political economic system to "reply to all issues that in the long operate all lessons, and in particular the just one most injured on the present occasion, will delight in a serious and lasting fulfillment a reply which will be re- garded as derisive, as prolonged as man's everyday living is incapable of being indefi- nitely lengthened." 404 eight. It can't be way too much emphasized in any dialogue of Comte's philosophy that he experienced no use for any understanding of which he did not see the practical use. 405 And "the reason of the institution of social philosophy is to re-build get in culture." 406 Nothing seems to him "more repugnant to the actual scientific spirit, not even the theological spirit," 407 than condition of any form, and practically nothing is SOCIOLOGY: COMTE, AND HIS SUCCESSORS 183 possibly far more characteristic of the whole of Comte's function than "the inordinate need for 'unity' and 'systematization' " which J. S. Mill explained as the fons errorum of all Comte's later speculations. 408 But even if the "frenzy for regulation" 409 is not very as preponder- ant in the Cours as it grew to become in the Syst&me de philosophic good, the sensible conclusions to which the Cours prospects, just simply because they are nevertheless cost-free from the excellent exaggeration of the later get the job done, show this aspect currently in a marked diploma. With the establishment of the "definitive" forty one philosophy, positivism, the significant doctrine which has characterized the previous period of time of changeover has finished its historic mission and the accompanying dogma of the unbounded liberty of conscience will vanish. 411 To make the producing of the Cours possible was, as it had been, the previous essential perform of "the innovative dogma of free of charge enquiry," 412 but now that this is obtained, the dogma has misplaced its justification. All awareness becoming after again unified, as it has not been since the theological stage commenced to decay, the next task is to established up a new mental govern- ment the place only the knowledgeable scientists will be permitted to make your mind up the difficult social issues. 413 Since their motion will in all respects be decided by the dictates of science, this will not signify arbitrary govt, and "correct liberty," which is almost nothing else than "a rational submission to the preponderance of the legal guidelines of character," 414 will even be improved. The depth of the social organization which constructive science will im- pose require not issue us in this article. So far as financial lifetime is worried, it still resembles in quite a few respects the earlier Saint-Simonian plans, especially in so considerably as the leading job of the bankers in guiding in- dustrial exercise is worried. 415 But he dissents from the afterwards out- correct socialism of the Saint-Simonians. Private assets is not to be abolished, but the abundant turn into the "vital depositaries of the public capitals" 418 and the owning of assets a social function. 417 This is not the only place in which Comte's technique resembles the later authoritarian socialism which we affiliate with Prussia rather than socialism as we utilized to know it. In point in some passages this resemblance with Prussian socialism, even down to the extremely words applied, is genuinely astounding. Thus when he argues that in the foreseeable future so- ciety the "immoral" strategy of person legal rights will disappear and 184 THE COUNTER-REVOLUTION OF SCIENCE there will be only responsibilities, 418 or that in the new society there will be no personal folks but only condition functionaries of various models and grades, 419 and that in consequence the most humble occupation will be ennobled by its incorporation into the formal hierarchy just as the most obscure soldier has his dignity as a outcome of the solidarity of the armed service organism, 420 or finally when, in the concluding part of the to start with sketch of the long run purchase, he discovers a "specific disposi- tion to command in some and in direction of obedience in many others" and assures us that in our innermost coronary heart we all know "how sweet it is to obey," 421 we could possibly match practically each individual sentence with identical statements of new German theoreticians who laid the mental foundations of the doctrines of the Third Reich. 422 Having been led by his philosophy to take around from the reactionary Bonald the see that the individual is "a pure abstraction" 423 and society as a complete a single collective being, he is of requirement led to most of the char- acteristic options of a totalitarian perspective of modern society. The later enhancement of all this into a new Religion of Humanity with a entirely made cult is outside the house our subject. Needless to say that Comte, who was so absolutely a stranger to the a single actual cult of humanity, tolerance (which he would confess only in indifferent and uncertain matters), 424 was not the gentleman to make a lot of that concept, which in by itself does not absence a particular greatness. For the rest we can- not greater summarize this past period of Comte's considered than by the well-recognized epigram of Thomas Huxley, who explained it as "Ca- tholicism minus Christianity." nine. Before we solid a glance on the immediate affect of Comte's primary function we need to briefly look at specific simultaneous and in a sense parallel endeavours which, from the similar intellectual history, but by a distinct route, generated an impact which tended to bolster the tendencies of which Comte's function is the key repre- sentative. The Belgian astronomer and statistician Quetelet, who should be pointed out listed here in the initial place, differs from Comte not only by currently being a good scientist in his personal subject but also by the terrific contributions which he has designed to the methods of social study. He did this precisely by that application of mathematics to social study which Comte condemned. Through his application of the "Gaussian" SOCIOLOGY: COMTE, AND HIS SUCCESSORS 185 usual curve of error to the assessment of statistical information he became, extra than any other solitary particular person, the founder of modern-day studies and especially of its application to social phenomena. The value of this achievement is undisputed and indeniable. But in the general ambiance in which Quetelet's function grew to become identified the belief was certain to arise that the statistical procedures, which he had so success- entirely used to some challenges of social lifestyle, were destined to come to be the sole process of analyze. And Quetelet himself contributed not a small to build that perception. The intellectual environment out of which Quetelet rose 425 is ex- actly the exact same as that of Comte: it was the French mathematicians of the circle of the Ecole poly procedure higher than all Laplace and Fourier, from whom he drew the inspiration for the software of the theory of probability to the trouble of social data, and in most respects he, significantly more than Comte, ought to be regarded as the true continuer of their operate and of that of Condorcet. His statistical get the job done proper is not our worry. It was the basic outcome of his dem- onstration that a little something like the solutions of the normal sciences could be applied to specific mass phenomena of culture and of his implied and even specific desire that all issues of social science ought to be dealt with in a comparable style, which operated in a direction parallel to Comte's educating. Nothing fascinated the ensuing genera- tion so a lot as Quetelet's "regular male" and his celebrated con- clusion of his research of moral figures that "we go from one calendar year to yet another with the sad perspective of seeing the identical crimes repro- duced in the exact same purchase and calling down the exact punishments in the identical proportions